Introduction
Do you ever feel like no matter how many times you study new words, they just don’t stick? Traditional vocabulary learning often relies on rote memorization, but research suggests that this approach is far from optimal. A 2020 experimental study by Ekaterina Sinyashina at University of Alicante explored two distinct methods of learning new words—incidental learning and intentional learning—and revealed that the most effective approach combines both. But in what order?
What Are Incidental and Intentional Learning?
Incidental learning occurs when you acquire new vocabulary naturally, without actively trying to memorize it—such as by watching movies with subtitles, reading articles, or listening to conversations in a foreign language. Your brain picks up words passively from context.
Intentional learning is the deliberate process of studying vocabulary—using flashcards, writing sentences with new words, or employing mnemonic techniques to commit them to memory.
While researchers have long debated which method is superior, cognitive science suggests that combining both yields the best results. The key question remains: Should you study words first and then encounter them in context, or should you be exposed to them in context before studying them? Sinyashina’s study investigated precisely this.
The Best Combination for Vocabulary Mastery
1. Start with Context: Incidental Learning First
The Science
Sinyashina’s study found that learners who were first exposed to words in context—such as through captioned videos—before engaging in intentional study performed significantly better on vocabulary tests. Encountering words in real-life use helps the brain form initial connections before structured learning strengthens them.
This aligns with the noticing hypothesis, which suggests that learners must first recognize new words before acquiring them effectively. It also supports dual coding theory, which highlights how multimodal input (seeing, hearing, and reading words) enhances memory retention.
The Hack
Before diving into memorization, immerse yourself in language-rich environments where new words naturally appear:
- Watch TV shows, movies, or YouTube videos with subtitles in the target language.
- Listen to audiobooks or podcasts, focusing on understanding the overall message rather than individual words.
- Read articles, books, or blogs without stopping for every unknown word—let your brain process the meaning naturally.
The goal here isn’t forced learning but passive absorption. Once you’ve encountered a word multiple times, it’s time to reinforce it with active study.
2. Follow Up with Intentional Learning
The Science
After incidental exposure, structured practice is essential for retention. The study found that learners who engaged in intentional vocabulary exercises—writing, testing, and actively using words—performed significantly better than those who relied solely on passive exposure.
This aligns with the retrieval practice effect, which shows that actively recalling information strengthens memory. Additionally, the depth of processing theory explains that words are remembered more effectively when deeply engaged with through varied interactions.
The Hack
Once you’ve encountered words in context, lock them into your memory using active recall techniques:
- Write sentences using new words in different contexts.
- Use flashcards with translations, definitions, and example sentences.
- Test yourself regularly by covering definitions and trying to recall meanings.
- Practice speaking by integrating new words into conversations.
The key here is repetition and varied exposure—engaging with words in multiple ways ensures they transition from short-term to long-term memory.
What’s the Best Order? The Verdict
The study suggests that the most effective approach is to start with incidental learning (exposure through reading, watching, or listening) before moving on to intentional learning (deliberate practice and memorization). This sequence allows your brain to first recognize and contextualize words before actively reinforcing them.
While incidental-first learning appears optimal for long-term retention, some learners may benefit from intentional study first—especially if they struggle with recognizing new words in context. A balanced approach, adapting to individual needs, may be ideal.
Final Thoughts
This research confirms that the best way to learn vocabulary is a mix of both incidental and intentional learning—but the order matters. By first exposing yourself to new words naturally and then actively reinforcing them, you can significantly improve retention and usage.
Think of it like learning to swim. You wouldn’t start by memorizing swimming techniques from a book—you’d first get in the water, experience how it feels, and then refine your technique with structured lessons. Vocabulary learning works the same way!
Quick Recap: Key Takeaways
✔ First, expose yourself to words in context (watch, listen, read before memorizing).
✔ Then, reinforce learning with active practice (writing, testing, speaking).
✔ The best sequence is Incidental → Intentional learning for optimal memory retention.
✔ While generally effective, some learners may benefit from adjusting the approach based on their needs.
By following this science-backed method, you’ll retain words faster, recall them more easily, and use them more naturally in conversation!
